Pharmacogenomics: Foundation, Clinical Applications and Emerging Role of Artificial Intelligence in Personalized Medicine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64261/tssvyh57Keywords:
Pharmacogenomics, CYP450; Pharmacoepigenomics, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), Artificial Intelligence,Abstract
Pharmacogenomics ties together pharmacology and genomics in order to know why individuals respond differently to the same drugs. It can be used to alter treatment to focus on truly personalized treatment rather than the standard treatment which has always been the one-size-fits-all method by examining how genetic variations influence the absorption of drugs, their metabolism, and their toxicity. This review will follow the development of pharmacogenomics, starting with the first experiments to examine the effects of single genes up to the more recent genome-wide methods, including the example of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms, which contribute to the responses to metoprolol, clopidogrel, and warfarin. It further describes the molecular basis of pharmacogenomics such as SNP roles, CNVs and indels and discusses Pharmacoepigenomics and non-coding RNAs, which further dictate drug responses. This paper describes the differences in the population of major alleles and their clinical effects in major medicine fields like cardiology, oncology, psychiatry, neurology, pediatrics, and rare diseases. The examples of real-life applications of genetic testing, such as monogenic diabetes (MODY) and the treatment of hepatitis C, are instances of how genetic testing can enhance patient outcomes. The accuracy and speed of pharmacogenomic testing are being increased by new technologies like next-generation sequencing (NGS), CRISPR-based gene editing, and multi-omics. Taken together, all these developments are taking healthcare to a more predictive, preventive, and tailor-made future.
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